{
  "schema_version": 1,
  "updated": "2026-08-10",
  "status": "curated",
  "methodology": {
    "scope": "Every work in works.json and every Arabic file in the local manifest is discoverable in the interactive map. Later-language branches are a smaller, source-backed selection rather than a claim to completeness.",
    "direct_relation": "A documented translation, summary, commentary, edition, or digital collation connected to a specific work or witness.",
    "influence_relation": "A broader Galenic synthesis or teaching collection. It must not be read as descent from one specific Pergamap file.",
    "work_identity": "The ancient-composition node is a catalogue identity for a work attributed to Galen, not an autograph, manuscript, translation, or edition.",
    "surviving_tradition": "Survival languages describe the later textual traditions currently recorded for a work. A modern digital Greek text represents an edited tradition based on later witnesses, not Galen's original document.",
    "translation_route": "An Arabic witness must not be displayed as a direct translation from Greek unless its source-language route is cited and encoded. Where the manifest does not distinguish direct Greek translation from a Syriac intermediary, the interface marks the route as uncertain."
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "id": "dcgas-about",
      "title": "A Digital Corpus for Graeco-Arabic Studies — About",
      "publisher": "Digital Corpus for Graeco-Arabic Studies",
      "url": "https://www.graeco-arabic-studies.org/about",
      "accessed": "2026-08-10"
    },
    {
      "id": "nlm-medieval-islam",
      "title": "Medieval Islam",
      "publisher": "U.S. National Library of Medicine",
      "url": "https://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/arabic/med_islam.html",
      "accessed": "2026-08-10"
    },
    {
      "id": "nlm-alexandrian-summaries",
      "title": "Catalogue: Alexandrian Summaries",
      "publisher": "U.S. National Library of Medicine",
      "url": "https://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/arabic/alexandrian.html",
      "accessed": "2026-08-10"
    },
    {
      "id": "galeno-latino-ars-parva",
      "title": "Ars medica translated by Gerard of Cremona: Ars parva",
      "publisher": "Galeno Latino",
      "url": "https://www.galenolatino.com/traduzioni.php?id=124",
      "accessed": "2026-08-10"
    },
    {
      "id": "galeno-latino-aphorisms",
      "title": "Commentary on Hippocrates' Aphorisms translated by Constantine the African",
      "publisher": "Galeno Latino",
      "url": "https://www.galenolatino.com/traduzioni.php?id=24",
      "accessed": "2026-08-10"
    },
    {
      "id": "galeno-latino-pulses",
      "title": "On the Pulse for Beginners translated by Mark of Toledo",
      "publisher": "Galeno Latino",
      "url": "https://www.galenolatino.com/traduzioni.php?id=493",
      "accessed": "2026-08-10"
    },
    {
      "id": "galeno-latino-temperaments",
      "title": "On Temperaments translated by Gerard of Cremona",
      "publisher": "Galeno Latino",
      "url": "https://www.galenolatino.com/traduzioni.php?id=19",
      "accessed": "2026-08-10"
    },
    {
      "id": "manchester-sects-hebrew",
      "title": "The Alexandrian Summary of Galen's Sects for Beginners in Hebrew Translation",
      "publisher": "University of Manchester Research Explorer",
      "url": "https://research.manchester.ac.uk/en/publications/the-alexandrian-summary-of-galens-sects-for-beginner-in-hebrew-tr/",
      "accessed": "2026-08-10"
    },
    {
      "id": "ugr-hebrew-reception",
      "title": "The Reception of Galen in Hebrew Medieval Scientific Writings",
      "publisher": "University of Granada Research Repository",
      "url": "https://digibug.ugr.es/handle/10481/99929",
      "accessed": "2026-08-10"
    },
    {
      "id": "wellcome-medical-experience",
      "title": "Galen on Medical Experience: Arabic version with English translation",
      "publisher": "Wellcome Collection",
      "url": "https://wellcomecollection.org/works/hp9y54sp",
      "accessed": "2026-08-10"
    },
    {
      "id": "warwick-epidemics-ii",
      "title": "Galen's Commentary on Hippocrates' Epidemics II, Arabic edition and English translation",
      "publisher": "University of Warwick Research Archive Portal",
      "url": "https://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/id/eprint/86880/",
      "accessed": "2026-08-10"
    },
    {
      "id": "wellcome-medical-names",
      "title": "On Medical Names: Arabic text with German translation",
      "publisher": "Wellcome Collection",
      "url": "https://wellcomecollection.org/works/rva7gdhc",
      "accessed": "2026-08-10"
    },
    {
      "id": "goha-aphorisms",
      "title": "Galen's Commentary on the Hippocratic Aphorisms",
      "publisher": "Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humboldt University",
      "url": "https://goha.bbaw.de/",
      "accessed": "2026-08-10"
    },
    {
      "id": "nlm-articella",
      "title": "Articella, Venice 1523",
      "publisher": "U.S. National Library of Medicine",
      "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog/176312",
      "accessed": "2026-08-10"
    },
    {
      "id": "nlm-canon",
      "title": "The Canon on Medicine by Ibn Sina",
      "publisher": "U.S. National Library of Medicine",
      "url": "https://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/arabic/E8.html",
      "accessed": "2026-08-10"
    },
    {
      "id": "pmc-razi",
      "title": "Al-Razi and Islamic medicine in the 9th century",
      "publisher": "Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine",
      "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1420785/",
      "accessed": "2026-08-10"
    },
    {
      "id": "cambridge-mediterranean-pharmacology",
      "title": "Medieval Mediterranean Pharmacology",
      "publisher": "Cambridge University Press",
      "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK606146/",
      "accessed": "2026-08-10"
    }
  ],
  "upstream": [
    {
      "id": "hippocratic-aphorisms",
      "title": "Hippocrates, Aphorisms",
      "date": "5th–4th century BCE",
      "language": "greek",
      "relation": "commented-on-by-galen",
      "work_ids": [
        "tlg092"
      ],
      "description": "Galen quotes each Hippocratic aphorism and then comments on it. The famous opening, 'Life is short, the art long,' therefore travels inside both the Greek and Arabic commentary traditions.",
      "url": "https://goha.bbaw.de/",
      "source_ids": [
        "goha-aphorisms"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "receptions": [
    {
      "id": "latin-ars-parva",
      "title": "Ars parva / Tegni",
      "date": "late 12th century",
      "language": "latin",
      "kind": "translation",
      "relation": "translation-from-arabic",
      "certainty": "documented",
      "work_ids": [
        "tlg007"
      ],
      "witness_files": [
        "gal_arsmed-transl-ar1.xml"
      ],
      "description": "Gerard of Cremona translated Galen's Art of Medicine from Ḥunayn's Arabic, interleaved with Ibn Riḍwān's commentary. It entered the Articella teaching collection in the thirteenth century.",
      "url": "https://www.galenolatino.com/traduzioni.php?id=124",
      "source_ids": [
        "galeno-latino-ars-parva",
        "nlm-articella"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "hebrew-small-art",
      "title": "Melakhah qetanah (Small Art)",
      "date": "1199 and 13th century",
      "language": "hebrew",
      "kind": "translation",
      "relation": "translation-from-arabic-or-latin",
      "certainty": "documented",
      "work_ids": [
        "tlg007"
      ],
      "witness_files": [
        "gal_arsmed-transl-ar1.xml"
      ],
      "description": "Samuel ibn Tibbon translated the Art of Medicine and Ibn Riḍwān's commentary from Arabic into Hebrew in 1199. Other Hebrew versions used Latin, including Gerard's Arabic-derived version.",
      "url": "https://digibug.ugr.es/handle/10481/99929",
      "source_ids": [
        "ugr-hebrew-reception",
        "galeno-latino-ars-parva"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "latin-aphorisms-commentary",
      "title": "Commenta super Aforismos Ypocratis",
      "date": "late 11th century",
      "language": "latin",
      "kind": "translation",
      "relation": "translation-from-arabic",
      "certainty": "documented",
      "work_ids": [
        "tlg092"
      ],
      "witness_files": [
        "gal_inhippaphor-transl-ar1.xml"
      ],
      "description": "Constantine the African's Latin translation of Galen's Commentary on the Aphorisms depends on Ḥunayn's ninth-century Arabic version and circulated in the Articella tradition.",
      "url": "https://www.galenolatino.com/traduzioni.php?id=24",
      "source_ids": [
        "galeno-latino-aphorisms",
        "nlm-articella"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "latin-pulse-beginners",
      "title": "De tactu pulsus",
      "date": "early 13th century",
      "language": "latin",
      "kind": "translation",
      "relation": "translation-from-arabic",
      "certainty": "documented",
      "work_ids": [
        "tlg058"
      ],
      "witness_files": [
        "gal_depulsadtir-transl-ar1.xml"
      ],
      "description": "Mark of Toledo translated On the Pulse for Beginners from Arabic into Latin; manuscript colophons explicitly name the Greek-to-Arabic and Arabic-to-Latin stages.",
      "url": "https://www.galenolatino.com/traduzioni.php?id=493",
      "source_ids": [
        "galeno-latino-pulses"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "latin-temperaments",
      "title": "De complexionibus",
      "date": "late 12th century",
      "language": "latin",
      "kind": "translation",
      "relation": "translation-from-arabic",
      "certainty": "documented",
      "work_ids": [
        "tlg009"
      ],
      "witness_files": [],
      "description": "Gerard of Cremona produced a complete Latin translation of On Temperaments from Arabic. Pergamap currently holds Arabic summaries of this work, not the full Arabic version behind Gerard.",
      "url": "https://www.galenolatino.com/traduzioni.php?id=19",
      "source_ids": [
        "galeno-latino-temperaments"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "hebrew-sects-summary",
      "title": "Hebrew Alexandrian Summary of On Sects",
      "date": "1322",
      "language": "hebrew",
      "kind": "translation",
      "relation": "translation-from-arabic",
      "certainty": "documented",
      "work_ids": [
        "tlg004"
      ],
      "witness_files": [
        "anon_gal_desectis-summ_alexsumm-ar1.xml"
      ],
      "description": "Shimshon ben Shlomo translated the Alexandrian summary from Arabic into Hebrew in 1322. The very literal version survives in Vienna, Austrian National Library cod. hebr. 29.",
      "url": "https://research.manchester.ac.uk/en/publications/the-alexandrian-summary-of-galens-sects-for-beginner-in-hebrew-tr/",
      "source_ids": [
        "manchester-sects-hebrew",
        "nlm-alexandrian-summaries"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "english-medical-experience",
      "title": "Galen on Medical Experience",
      "date": "1944; reprinted 1996",
      "language": "english",
      "kind": "edition",
      "relation": "modern-translation-from-arabic",
      "certainty": "documented",
      "work_ids": [
        "tlg107"
      ],
      "witness_files": [],
      "description": "Richard Walzer edited the Arabic version and translated it into English. The complete work survives only in Arabic, reached through Ḥubaysh's Arabic translation of Ḥunayn's Syriac version.",
      "url": "https://wellcomecollection.org/works/hp9y54sp",
      "source_ids": [
        "wellcome-medical-experience"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "english-epidemics-ii",
      "title": "Commentary on Hippocrates' Epidemics II",
      "date": "2012–2016",
      "language": "english",
      "kind": "edition",
      "relation": "modern-translation-from-arabic",
      "certainty": "documented",
      "work_ids": [
        "x-epid2"
      ],
      "witness_files": [],
      "description": "Uwe Vagelpohl and Simon Swain's critical edition translates Ḥunayn's Arabic into English. The Greek original is lost, making Arabic the only intact witness.",
      "url": "https://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/id/eprint/86880/",
      "source_ids": [
        "warwick-epidemics-ii"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "german-medical-names",
      "title": "Über die medizinischen Namen",
      "date": "1931",
      "language": "german",
      "kind": "edition",
      "relation": "modern-translation-from-arabic",
      "certainty": "documented",
      "work_ids": [
        "x-nomin"
      ],
      "witness_files": [
        "gal_denominibusmedicis-transl-ar1.xml"
      ],
      "description": "Max Meyerhof and Joseph Schacht published Ḥubaysh's Arabic text with a German translation. The Greek original is lost and no complete English translation is currently recorded by Pergamap.",
      "url": "https://wellcomecollection.org/works/rva7gdhc",
      "source_ids": [
        "wellcome-medical-names"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "goha-bilingual-edition",
      "title": "GoHA bilingual critical edition",
      "date": "2025–2049 project",
      "language": "multilingual",
      "kind": "digital-project",
      "relation": "bilingual-edition",
      "certainty": "documented",
      "work_ids": [
        "tlg092"
      ],
      "witness_files": [
        "gal_inhippaphor-transl-ar1.xml"
      ],
      "description": "The GoHA project is building a critical Greek-Arabic edition of the first four books with modern translations and digital access. It is a current scholarly destination for this branch.",
      "url": "https://goha.bbaw.de/",
      "source_ids": [
        "goha-aphorisms"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "context": [
    {
      "id": "articella",
      "title": "The Articella",
      "date": "12th–16th centuries",
      "language": "latin",
      "relation": "teaching-collection",
      "description": "A changing Latin teaching collection that placed Galen's short introductory works and commentaries beside Hippocratic and Arabic medical texts. Some components came through Arabic; others came directly from Greek or older Latin traditions.",
      "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog/176312",
      "source_ids": [
        "nlm-articella",
        "cambridge-mediterranean-pharmacology"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "razi-hawi",
      "title": "al-Rāzī, Comprehensive Book on Medicine",
      "date": "late 9th–early 10th century",
      "language": "arabic",
      "relation": "galenic-synthesis",
      "description": "Al-Rāzī's reading notes and case observations cite Greek authorities—especially Galen—alongside Islamic writers. It preserves reception and quotation, not a single lineal copy of one Galenic work.",
      "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1420785/",
      "source_ids": [
        "pmc-razi",
        "nlm-medieval-islam"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "avicenna-canon",
      "title": "Ibn Sīnā (Avicenna), Canon of Medicine",
      "date": "c. 1025; Latin from the 12th century",
      "language": "arabic",
      "relation": "galenic-synthesis",
      "description": "The Canon systematized, criticized, and extended Greek Galenic medicine. Gerard of Cremona's Latin translation became a European university text, but the Canon is an original synthesis rather than a translation of one Pergamap witness.",
      "url": "https://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/arabic/E8.html",
      "source_ids": [
        "nlm-canon",
        "nlm-medieval-islam"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "pantegni",
      "title": "The Pantegni",
      "date": "late 11th century",
      "language": "latin",
      "relation": "arabic-latin-synthesis",
      "description": "Constantine the African adapted and translated ʿAlī ibn al-ʿAbbās al-Majūsī's Arabic Complete Book of the Medical Art into Latin. It carried an Islamicate synthesis of classical medicine into Europe, rather than one Galenic text unchanged.",
      "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK606146/",
      "source_ids": [
        "cambridge-mediterranean-pharmacology"
      ]
    }
  ]
}